The Little Prince Essay

Lee Hyeon Ju Ms. Sarah Jane ELSEO November 23, 2012 The little prince The little prince has symbolism, it reminds people about meaning of life. Anthoine de Saint Exupery uses symbolism to teach the reader. Firstly, the king symbolizes how power is useless. The fox symbolizes love and the desert flower is meaning of religion. Antoine de saint Exupery uses symbolism to teach the reader meaning of life. He uses the king to represent about power is useless, the fox to teach love and the lower to symbolize religion. The king symblizes how power is useless.The first reason why power is useless for the king is because he lives alone on a planet. Even when the king tires to control the sunset the little prince realizes he can not control it. In order for someone to have power they must have subjects who listen to them. therefore power is useless because no one is under his control unless they decide to be. The fox symbolizes love. The first reason why the fox symbolizes love is because he le t little prince knows how to tame each other. The little prince knows how interaction is important in a elationship. The fox taught him to know invisible things more important than visible in our eyes. â€Å"What is essential is invisible to the eye. † Because the fox and, little prince could remember when they see same colour of them they can reminds each other. The desert flower symbolizes religion. The first reason why the desert flower symbolizes love is because the flower roots meaning of belief . Belief is makes people strong their mind it is not invisible to outside, but it effected so much just like plant’s roots.Also, the desert meaning of the hard life. †but never knows where to find them. The wind blows them away. † The flower had once seen a caravan passing ,the seven men blowed away because they did not have roots like a flower. In conclusion, the little prince make people know about meaning of life. First, the king teach people about useless o f power and the fox teach love, and desert flower is symbolizes of religion. Many people would know how meaningful to read this book because they find important lesson from it.

Economics Commentary †article on the Haitian Earthquake Essay

IN JANUARY last year, the quake causes the 2004 Asian tsunami, which kill 250,000 people and 300,000 injured. People were living under sheeting strung across wooden poles. There were too many vulnerable homeless people that aid agency can’t fit them in tens. People are trapped in supermarkets, debris and so on. I feel really sorry for them and I hope casualty’s family can be rest in peace. First of all, there will be a change in Haiti’s economy because there’s a huge effect of Haiti’s production. Haiti lost 250,000 people and 300,000 people were injured. They lost loads of labor and enterprise just because of this. Labor are human resources providing power to make goods and services Enterprise is a firm is an owner of a factory or company e.g. Nike, Apple. Capitals such as Houses, hospitals and factories were destroyed. Capital is man made resources that use for production. Many animals got kill by this earthquake and tsunami and destroyed timbers there’s loss of land. Land is natural resources that can’t add by human. Clearly, Haiti’s production is decreasing. In this case, we can use a PPF to explain the situation. PPF is a curve that shows the combinations of 2 or more goods that can be produced using all available resources. Here’s the PPF of Haiti before tsunami. PFF1 is Haiti’s PPF before tsunami and PPF2 is Haiti’s PPF after tsunami The PPF shift to the left means there’s decrease at both actual and potential output. Actual output is what the country is currently producing and potential output is the maximum outputs you can produce will all currently resource. Because Haiti lost a lot of capitals, land, labor and enterprise, its production is running down. Therefore, it’s PPF shifts inward. There’s also economic decline and economic deterioration. Economic decline is the percent decrease in real GDP per annum and economic deterioration is decrease in living standard for everyone in the country. There is a shift of PPF because of the environment factors (earthquake and tsunami). There was a change of Haiti people’s demand because of the tsunami and earthquake. Demand is amount of a good or service that consumer are will and able to buy at a given price over a period a time. What’s the change of Haiti people’s demand? Tsunami and earthquake destroyed a lot things, one of them is food. Haiti people are in starvation, there’s no more flesh food for them so their demand of canned food rose. It is because inferior good’s demand if rise when there’s war, natural disaster. Inferior good is a good that can replace another good as a substitute. The demand of Haiti people’s canned food This is a demand curve shows people in Haiti’s demand of canned food rise from D1 to D2. Because the demand determinate is not price of the good of itself, it’s environment, there’s a shift of demand curve to the right. Demand determinants are factors that can affect the demand such as: price, consumer income, and low populations†¦ Evolution Haiti’s earthquake and tsunami are lost and a pain we would never wanted to happen and they took millions of people’s life away and destroyed thousands homes. Here are few solutions I think it might help to raise back the economy of Haiti. First of all is asking UN for help. The United Nations (UN) is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace. United nation will usually provided aid and food for refugees. Second is building hospitals and factories. Recovering labor and capital is an important step to get the economy back on track. Education is more important in Haiti than other countries. They need new blood to contribute for the society and that’s where education is needed. ‘Good people equal good country’.

The Controversies in the Education System of US

Think about how much of your life is spent trying to learn all you can and make yourself better prepared for the â€Å"real world. † We start schooling at age five or six. Kindergarten is about finger paints and learning the alphabet. Before we know it, we are standing in front of our class and parents accepting a high school diploma. That is thirteen years right there. Then, if we really want to â€Å"succeed† we have to get through another 4 to 6 years of college. That is almost 20 years total in school. Are those 20 years well spent? Are we all satisfied with the education we received? The answer is â€Å"no. † It is apparent that today†s education system in the United States is not satisfying the needs of all people. One of the main controversies in the education system of the United States is the content of what is taught. Everything that is taught in school is uniform for the entire grade. However, not every individual student is uniform in what they already know and how capable they are of learning new things. Not only that, but also is each student interested in learning what everyone else is learning? Today there are many schools that have put more emphasis in teaching learning skills rather than the knowledge that is needed to move on to the next level (Hirsch 129). Some schools have gone to what is known as â€Å"core knowledge† to make sure that each and every student has the same foundation upon which to build the rest of their education. They believe that through the method of â€Å"core knowledge†, everyone can benefit together (Hirsch 129). Opposite that idea is the idea that we shouldn†t be filling a child†s mind with â€Å"miscellaneous facts†, but rather be trying to extract the knowledge that is within each person†s mind (Harris). The main argument with that opinion is that without some filling, there won†t be anything to extract from a person. One positive thing that our children are learning is the ability to think creatively and be innovative. Many Americans overlook the fact that in this country, children are able to experiment with ideas and learn to believe in themselves and in their own creativity (Ho 126). But is mere creativity enough to make up for the other shortfalls in education? Another big controversy in education is the way the children are taught. Many of the same arguments that are made regarding what is taught, can be made regarding how it is taught. Those who are naturally talented and intellectual say that filling a child†s head with various types of knowledge is not very productive, but what about those children that need that knowledge just to be at an equal level with the other students. Children who have not learned very much at home or outside of school won†t have very much to give intellectually, so the idea of teaching to draw out personal knowledge will not work. How do you fairly teach a class that will mean whether or not you will keep your job? Many teachers face this dilemma today because of the process of anonymous evaluation. Teachers who get a bad evaluation could lose their jobs because of it, thus there is an ever-growing problem of teachers giving better grades to possibly save their job. What about the grades that are given? As long as there has been a school, there have been grades given to students to show how well they are doing in school. But are grades the most effective way to show a student†s progress and more importantly, what they actually learned? Some call grading â€Å"tyrannical and indefensible† and even go as far as saying the grading system is â€Å"criminal† (Lean 131-32). Grading is probably the most scrutinized of all practices in education. It is easy to see the difference between an â€Å"A† and an â€Å"F† in a subject like math where the answer is either right or wrong. But, how do you give a grade in a subject like art where each piece is something from an individual†s own creative mind? There is no right or wrong, or good or bad. So how could anyone say that his painting is an â€Å"A†, while her sculpture is an â€Å"F†? In a case like that, grading can be seen as nothing more than personal preference. So how does grading affect students and teachers? The grades given to students not only affect the students† lives, but the teachers† lives also. For students, bad grades mean not getting into the college of their choice, and for the teachers, bad grades mean possible bad evaluations. Many people have blamed bad grades for giving a child low self-esteem, but what about those children who have excellent grades and no social lives. Don†t they have low self-esteem? Building self-esteem in students shouldn†t be a substitution for basic schooling (Moore 136). It has been argued that teachers lower their grading standards in order to raise the self-esteem of their students. Those teachers believe that a high self-esteem is necessary for a student to learn well and have a high self-esteem (Moore 136). True self-esteem does not come from a high GPA, a piece of paper called a diploma, or even a high status socially; it comes from hard work and meaningful accomplishments. Do you want children to be filled with trivial information or encouraged to think on their own and explore their own intelligence? Do you want to receive letter grades just like you or do would you rather receive evaluations on their progress? Do you think that their self-esteem should be based on their grades or something more important? These are questions we will have to answer in new millennium and as we become new parents. The education of our children is something too important to overlook.

How UML and Agile Development fit together Essay

How UML and Agile Development fit together - Essay Example 2. How can software affect both product development and product management? In the current competitive environment, development of products that win the appeal of the customer is very important for success in the market. On the other hand, the success of any product is dependent upon the skills and competencies of the product manager; the latter is responsible for development of products. The product development and management process includes processes such as product requirement definition, release definition, and product life cycles. However, product development and management is complex and includes numerous stakeholders, responsibilities and processes. This means that contemporary product managers have to be heavily assisted by technology, including appropriate software (Gorchels 23). There is need for the right kind and combination of software to be applied for the desired product to be achieved. 3. List and explain the common tasks performed during software architecture. Some of the common tasks performed during software architecture include; Proposal development: A software architect develops proposals for new software based on new product needs or customer requirements. Design: This involves the design and creation of new software on the basis of proposals made. Software realization: This involves supervision of the whole process of software development from design through creation up to the point that the software is ready to be launched. Software validation: A software architect plays the role of validating software for a company especially when such software has been outsourced or is new. This involves ascertaining the effectiveness of the software and ensuring it is fit for purpose. Report writing: The software architect is charged with producing periodic reports during the course of software development. 4. What are the common inputs, constraints, and outputs found during architectural problem solving? Software design inputs are very helpful towar ds formalization of architecture requirements and constraints. Some of the common inputs in software design include use cases, usage scenarios, functional requirements, non-functional requirements, and technological requirements (Clements et al. 72). Some common constraints in software design include poor technology, fast changing scenarios and unanticipated functional or non-functional requirements. 5. Why is it important for software architects to be familiar with the discipline of requirement engineering? Requirements engineering is mainly concerned with the identification and communication of the purpose of a software-intensive system, and contents in which it will be used. Basically it acts as the bridge between the need of software users, customers, and other groups affected by a software system, and opportunities and capabilities provided by software (Malan and Bredemeyer 1). It is important for software architects to be familiar with requirements engineering because it provi des them with the opportunity to understand how to bridge the gap between what users need and system design to meet those needs. 6. What are the four main activities performed during requirement engineering? Explain. The following activities are performed during requirement engineering: Requirements discovery: Involves Requirements analysis: this involves

Operational management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operational management - Essay Example The name Starbucks is actually known to have originated from an American novel named Herman Moby. In 1982, a man named Howard Schultz decide to join Starbuck as he was ones impressed by the culture and popularity of Starbucks’ services and by 1990 Starbucks had expanded beyond the borders of Seattle to the rest of the world (Bussing-Burks, 2009, pp. 1-2). 1.1. Evolution of its strategy over time Starbucks strategies have changed over time since it started its operations in the coffee industry. Mr. Schultz, the CEO has changed the culture of its operations from the small shop in Pike place market in 1971 to the now big company that is known all over the world. Starbucks actually changed the manner in which people perceived and drank coffee. Today Starbucks offer their services with Wi-Fi server customers on the sofa as well as on the sub ways which never used to happen back then. With the management of Mr. Schultz, Starbucks expanded so fast and at some point some of its stingy customers abandoned it (Deresky, 2008). Therefore, the company was faced with financial constraints as there sales volume decreased and its competitors in the industry somewhat overtook them. Starbucks later revived its operation leading again in the industry in 2008 with the help of Mr. Schultz’s management. Mr. ... Therefore, its mission is to inspire and nurture the human spirit at an individual level one at a time with a cup of coffee and in one neighborhood. Some of the company’s objectives is to offer quality products and services through sourcing of the finest coffee beans as well as improving the lives of the coffee farmers. With all the mission statements therein, the company has fully grown internationally (Griffin, Management, 2010, p. 206). 1.3. How effective is the Corporate governance The corporate governance is seen to be very effective since it’s been responsible for overseeing the activities of the corporate powers and ensuring that the firm’s daily activities are followed to the latter with intentions to foster the company’s goals and objectives. The corporate has also ensured that the necessary skills and experiences needed to meet the company’s goals and objectives are provided for at the correct times (Mullerat & Brennan, 2010). The corporat e has been responsible for the welfare of its partners and has, therefore, ensured that the working environment is free from health hazards. It has further ensured that they offer high standard coffee to its customers by purchasing and roasting fresh coffee (Aras & Crowther, 2011, p. 544). The corporate governance has been quite effective in its management since understand that profitability is an essential tool for the future success. 2.0. External Environment Analysis Starbucks has for a long time benefited from its international operations since 1990. Today, Starbucks does not only depend on the U.S. market but greatly enjoys the international market as they have gone overboard in offering their goods and services purposely to boost their revenue and maintain the rate at which it is

Strategic Market, The Southwest Airline Model Research Paper - 1

Strategic Market, The Southwest Airline Model - Research Paper Example The employees at the company are trained to help customers and serve them genuinely with care in order to make customers happy; thus the company philosophy is translated into stockholder and customer happiness. The business model of the corporation is to eradicate the unnecessary frills provided by competitors; hence reducing the cost to clients. The industry reduces the cost by focusing on a lesser number of routes and only flying one type of plane; hence it has created a niche market in the aviation industry. Therefore, by choosing only to employ one type of aircraft, it was a very strategic choice that could enable the company to sustain their business in the global competitive business world. The Southwest airline industry have made significant efforts of employing effective strategic management policies and business model that can enable them to meet the demanding needs of customers in the targeted market. Michael Porter has attempted to reveal unique and valuable strategic position of an industry based on a tailored set of activities that can enable the company to achieve competitive advantage (Hill and Jones, 2009). Many industries have made considerable efforts of employing Porter’s five forces of competitive advantage in order to sustain their business in the global competitive market. The company manager of Southwest airline industry wanted to create a low cost aviation solution that can offer quality service to customers; hence enabling the company to sustain a competitive advantage. Therefore, the use of non-conventional models for low-cost and controlled solid growth for the airline has been among the major aspects for achieving competitiveness in the air line industry (Gross and Schroder, 2007). The industry also segments targeted market in varied ways including travelling short distances, frequent schedules, low cost fares, as well as, cost and value conscious customers. The other consists of

W.B. Yeats Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

W.B. Yeats Poems - Essay Example Yeats mostly employed traditional against the form poems unlike another corresponding modernist who frequently experimented with the prevailing free verse. Yeats poem The Circus Animals’ Desertion entails five stanzas with the iambic pentameter. The poem present inspiration enabled with the searching for the truth. Yeats past poetic accomplishments of the circus animals mainly parades the show of his entire life. Yeats accomplish that individual music numerous techniques, which clearly possess massive rhythms of the Irish speech, and encompass into a colloquial yet dramatic speaking voice. Moreover, Yeats recognized uncertainty concerning the principles of conventional scansion of the kind that depicts the measure of verse to be metrical foot, and wrote of his earliest verse (Jochum, 2006, 123-189). Yeats’s subsequent prosody as the analyzable in terms of the traditional iambic patterns and the corresponding strong variations that Yeats played on these meters, or a more individualist’s combination of accentual and syllabic measures probably matters less than the fact that Yeats accomplishes his idiosyncratic music by concurrently working in and at the identical time against a fixed form. Yeats writes either in an accentual against or syllabic verse, which has fixed the number of syllables to every line. In The Lake Isle of Innisfree possess long lines with strong accents spread quite uniformly. The analysis poems manifest at the level of the form with the rhetorical available that implies a particular kind of the political freedom, which faithful summary of the central aspiration of the poet. The rhythm of every line contains complaint, a lapse within the scansion, at which point the poet openings pure longing (Jochum, 2006, 123-189). Rhythmic difference mainly expresses Yeats idea of freedom thus a prosodic variation acquires political

Evaluate critically the historical development of the interventions of Essay

Evaluate critically the historical development of the interventions of the UK government in sports policy; do political ideologies impact modern sport - Essay Example sports which entailed the creation of rules and regulations in the play of the sports and that this element of sports started only during the 19th century (Guttmen, 2008). Another factor that contributed to this shift is the direct governmental intervention in sports during the early part of the twentieth century, which has been made more manifest after World War 1 and at the onset of globalisation (Houlihan, 2002). One of the earliest governmental interventions in sports is the passage of policies prohibiting blood sports. Great Britain and United States are the first two countries who have implemented this policy (Houlihan, 2008). In fact until now, boxing is still banned in Sweden (Houlihan, 2008) What is significant and distinct about the direct involvement of the government in sports is the idea that the state has started to intervene on what sports is to be promoted and what is to be outlawed. In fact, after World War I, the state has found more reasons to become directly invol ved in sports because sports have been valued as a good way for the military to be physically fit (Houlihan, 2002). Although this is no longer a popular reason for state involvement in sports, it cannot be denied that the military reason for physical fitness and training has become an important policy in sports development from 1920s until 1980s (Houlihan, 2002). In the more recent years, the state involvement in sports has been motivated by the concept of social integration and cohesion (Houlihan, 2002). Social integration has been claimed to be a loose term that covers diverse policies which ranges from â€Å"combating juvenile delinquency, establishing a sense of community during rapid periods of urbanization the integration of diverse ethnic groups† (Houlihan, 2002: 215). While others have maintained that the social integration of sports is not just a means to attain social stability in the face of rapid developments and changes but that it is â€Å" defined as integrati on in the work

Explain how the sea breeze and land breeze can happen Assignment

Explain how the sea breeze and land breeze can happen - Assignment Example The air above the land is warmer as compared to the air above the sea because of this heat absorption difference. The warm land air rises all through the day which results in decreasing the surface pressure. This difference in pressure causes the wind to blow from the high pressure area (sea or ocean) to the low pressure area (land) causing the sea breeze (Climate Education, 2013). The strength of the sea breeze depends on the difference in temperatures between the sea and the land. The more the difference, more strong will be the sea breeze. The largest example of sea breeze development is the Monsoon season in Southern Asia in which huge differences between the temperatures of cooler Arabian Sea and warmer land areas provide a strong base for the development of sea breeze (Holmes, 2007). The development of land breeze is just the opposite case of the sea breeze development. Land breeze usually occurs in the night when the temperature of the ocean becomes warmer than that of the land. The reason is that land loses the absorbed heat more quickly as compared to sea. Sea is a good absorber of sun’s energy due to which it cannot lose heat quickly when the sun goes down. On the other hand, land cannot absorb sun’s energy as efficiently as an ocean can do it because of which it loses heat more quickly upon sunset. The surface pressure also goes up on the land as the result of which the air starts moving towards the sea which is the low pressure area during night. Winds always blow from the high pressure surfaces to the low pressure surfaces. Therefore, when warm air rises, the temperature of the land goes down and a high surface pressure is created which causes the wind to blow towards the sea where the surface pressure is low. This shift of wind from the land to the sea causes the land breeze (Climate Education,

Evaluation Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Evaluation Argument - Essay Example In other words the material things which were acquired from the earth will not help us in our future assignment. After death a person’s body will be destroyed; but what will happen to the mind and spirit? The relation between mind and spirit with the body is still debated among psychologists and philosophers. What will happen to the mind and body if all the materials used in the making of our body with some other materials from another planet? It is difficult to answer the above question though we can assume certain things on the basis of the evidences at present we have. The concept of mind and spirit is still a confusing topic for the psychologists and the philosophers. In my opinion mind cannot exist without a body and hence it will be destroyed after the death of the body. Our mind activities are controlled by our brain which is made of material things and once those material things destroyed all the entities associated with them like the mind will also be destroyed. But what will happen to the spirit? Physicians explain various functions of body while psychologists concentrate on the activities of mind. But nobody knows much about the soul or spirit though everybody agrees that it is the spirit which drives us in this material world. After death what happens to the spirit? Only the religions studied about the features of spirit and they have their own explanations about the future of spirit on the basis of the good and evil committed during the life in earth. Religions believe that those who engaged in good activities during the stay on earth will get salvation after death while others will be punished by God. I don’t want to comment on the future of spirit or mind. But I would like to argue that both spirit and mind can travel at a speed which may be greater than that of light. Light rays are considered to be the fastest (3 x 108 m/s) thing in the world. As per the principles of Physics nothing can achieve a speed greater than

Corporate Restructuring and Administrative Rescue Essay

Corporate Restructuring and Administrative Rescue - Essay Example On the other hand, Town and Country Flooring (Norfolk) Limited (TFCN) was incorporated in the year 1984 and was traded as a small contract flooring provider who services the local market place in Norfolk. TCFN has been a stand alone business in complementing Town and Country Flooring Limited. In the year 2005, TCFN was sold to John Maidment, Robin Eglen, Brian Pestana and Jean L Hicks, who acquired TCFL at the same time (Report and Proposals [2], 2008). Pursuing this acquisition, there was an incessant drive to apply further development strategies for both TCFL and TCFN, which was inclusive of increasing the geographical coverage of the group with branches introduced in diversified cities. An armor service series was introduced to TCFN which involved the supply and installation of hygienic wall armor surfaces (Report and Proposals [2], 2008). TCFL grew gradually for many years whilst supplying as well as installing floor coverings, such as carpets and carpet tiles, along with dcor flooring, vinyl as well as wood floor coverings. It served four key markets, developing a powerful stand within the public sector, chief building contractors, new house builders as well as the management of facilities (Report and Proposals [1], 2008). The company has carried out several contracts by purchase order, framework type as well as standard construction industry sub-contracts. As a result, by the year 2002, the business had been performing well and has significantly incremented in infrastructure, both in the turn-over as well as the size of its work-force. This incessant growth strategy generated prosperous results, with turn-over incrementing year on year. However, unfortunately, whilst the turn-over was improvising, the directors were experiencing other problems in the management of expansion program. Overheads, which had incremented across the group so as to provide the continuing drive in order to increase volumes, were influencing on the productivity as well as the cash-flow restrictions were becoming more recurrent. In accordance with some more facts from the Directors' report, the company increased turn-over by 31 per cent during the year it gave rise to a new business unit in the Southern England are (Annual Report, 2006). Nonetheless, with the ending of the year, the Southern Office was shut and the business from there was merged in to another branch. Moreover, in addition to this, the group also experienced intricacies in the recruitment and retaining of a powerful and strong financial director. Currently, within the last six to eight months, many officials quit the business for some personal reasons, which contributed to the factors, together with a general worsening in the market place, meticulously in the construction sector, which construed to the fact that TFCL was facing a challenging period (Report and Pr

Beryls Chocolate Essay Example for Free

Beryls Chocolate Essay Chocolate is a key ingredient in many foods such as milk shakes, candy bars, cookies and cereals. Chocolate is a processed delicacy made from the beans of the cocoa tree. The cocoa tree, native to the tropical Amazonian forests, is an evergreen tree of the cola family. Chocolate is a mixture of roasted cocoa, cocoa butter, and very fine sugar. Unsweetened or called bitter chocolate is available in squares and is the natural rich chocolate ground from the cocoa beans. It has a full-bodied flavor and is ideal for baking and cooking. Sweetened chocolate and chocolate with various other ingredients are also increasingly available. As we know, the type of chocolate refers to three types which is milk chocolate, plain chocolate and white chocolate. History Of Chocolate The Timeline 2000 BC, Amazon: Cocoa, from which chocolate was created, was said to have originated in the Amazon at least 4,000 years ago. Sixth Century AD: Chocolate, derived from the seed of the cocoa tree, was used by the Maya Culture. Maya called the cocoa tree cacahuaquchtl †¦ ‘tree’, and the word chocolate came from the Maya word xocoatl which means bitter water. 1200, Aztec Culture: The Aztecs attributed the creation of the cocoa plant to their god. In both the Mayan and Aztec cultures cocoa was the basis for a thick, cold, unsweetened drink called xocoatl†¦ believed to be a health elixir. Since sugar was unknown to the Aztecs, different spices were used to add flavor, even hot chili peppers and corn meal were used! Aztecs believed that wisdom and power came from eating the fruit of the cocoa tree, and it had nourishing, fortifying, and even aphrodisiac qualities. The Aztec emperor, Montezuma drank thick chocolate dyed red. The drink was so prestigious that it was served in golden goblets that were thrown away after only one use. 1502, Columbus landed in Nicaragua: On his fourth voyage to America, Columbus landed in what is now called Nicaragua. He was the first European to discover cocoa beans being used as currency, and to make a drink, as in the Aztec culture. 1513, A slave was bought for Beans: Hernando de Oviedo y Valdez reported that he bought a slave for 100 cocoa beans. It was at this time, the name of the drink changed to chocolatl from the Mayan word xocoatl and the Aztec word for water, or warm liquid. 1519, Hernando Cortez began a Plantation: Hernando Cortez conquered part of Mexico had a vision of converting the beans to golden doubloons. While he was fascinated with Aztecs bitter, spicy beverage [he didn’t like the cocoa drink], he was much intrigued by the beans’ value as currency. Later, Cortez established a cocoa plantation in the name of Spain. 1528, Chocolate Arrived in Spain: Cortes presented the Spanish King, Charles V with cocoa beans from the New World and the necessary tools for its preparation. And no doubt Cortes taught him how to make Chocolate. 1544, Dominican Friars Got into the Swing: Dominican friars brought a delegation of Mayans to meet Philip. Spanish monks, who had been consigned to process the cocoa beans, finally let the secret out. It did not take long before chocolate was acclaimed throughout Europe as a delicious, health-giving food. The beans were still used as currency. 200 beans bought a turkey cock. 100 beans was the daily wage of porter, and would buy a hen turkey or a rabbit. 3 beans could be traded for a turkey egg, a new avocado, or a fish wrapped in maize husks. 1 bean bought a ripe avocado or tomato. 1657, even London succumbs: Londons first chocolate shop was opened by a Frenchman. London Chocolate Houses became the trendy meeting places where the elite London society savored their new luxury. The first chocolate house opened in London advertising this excellent West India drink. 1674, Eating solid Chocolate was introduced in the form of chocolate rolls and cakes, served in chocolate emporiums. 1704, The Germans imposed a Tax on Chocolate: Chocolate made its appearance in Germany, and Frederick I of Prussia reacted by imposing a tax. Anyone wishing to pay homage to its pleasures had to pay two thalers for a permit. 1765, First Chocolate factory in the USA: The production of chocolate proceeded at a faster pace than anywhere else in the world. It was in pre-revolutionary New England. 1800, Chocolate was an Industry: Antoine Brutus Menier built the first industrial manufacturing facility for chocolate. 1819, the pioneer of Swiss chocolate-making, Francois Louis Callier, opened the first Swiss chocolate factory. 1828, The Cocoa Press was invented by Conrad Van Houten: The Press helped to improve the quality of the beverage by squeezing out part of the cocoa butter. Drinking chocolate had a smooth consistency and a more pleasing taste. 1830, The Drink Became a Confection: Solid eating chocolate was developed by J. S. Fry and Sons, a British chocolate maker. 1849, Cadbury Brothers Exhibited Chocolate: The exhibition was at Bingley Hall at Birmingham, England. 1851, Marked a First for Americans: Queen Victoria’s husband, Prince Albert orchestrated The Exposition in London. It was the first time citizens of the United States were introduced to bonbons, chocolate creams, hard candies (called boiled sweets), and caramels. 1875, Milk Chocolate Came of Age: After eight years of experimentation, Daniel Peter from Switzerland put the first milk chocolate on the market. 1879, Chocolate Literally Melts in Your Mouth: Rodolphe Lindt of Berne, Switzerland, invented conching, a means of heating and rolling chocolate to refine it. After chocolate has been conched for 72 hours and more cocoa butter added to it, chocolate became fondant and melted in mouth! 1913, A new Star is Born: Jules Sechaud of Montreux of Switzerland introduced the process for filling chocolates. 1923, The CMA was established: The Chocolate Manufacturers Association of the United States of America (CMA) was organized. 1925, Cocoa is Big Business: The New York Cocoa Exchange, located at the World Trade Center, was begun so that buyers and sellers could get together for transactions. 1938, World War II: The U. S. government recognized chocolates role in the Allied Armed Forces. It allocated valuable shipping space for the importation of cocoa beans which would give many weary soldiers the strength to carry. Today, the U. S. Army D-rations include three 4-ounce chocolate bars. Chocolate has even been taken into space as part of the diet of U. S. astronauts.

Brick And Mortar Travel Agency Supply Chain Information Technology Essay

Brick And Mortar Travel Agency Supply Chain Information Technology Essay Introduction At the dawn of the internet evolution in the 1990s, myriads of businesses began realizing the huge opportunities that the internet presented to them. They knew the internet could help them re-engineer processes, lower costs, increase profits, up efficiency and effectiveness simultaneously, and raise the bar of customer service, all at the same time. One industry that was quick to ride on the internet bandwagon was travel and tourism, where airline companies had been relying heavily on a network of travel agents to act as a conduit between them and the travelers. With the internet, businesses engaged in travel and tourism began to directly touch base with their clients at real-time, low costs, and with much personal touch. Thus, it can be said that these businesses transitioned from a business-to-business (B2B) brick-and-mortar model to consumers-to-business (C2B) e-commerce model. Many travel agents had to level up their operations in order to survive the shift towards C2B and away f rom B2B. Years after these brick-and-mortar travel agencies caught on the e-commerce bandwagon, however, critical issues about their optimum performance remain. This paper will therefore discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that travel agents possess in a C2B environment. It will explore which strengths must be maintained in order to survive succeeding waves of changes and remain at the crest, which weaknesses must be dealt with to stem decline, which opportunities must be tapped to grow their businesses sustainably, and which threats must be confronted to avoid being sank by competition. This paper will conclude with a set of recommendations on what can be done to leverage the internet as a powerful medium for travel and tourism businesses. Brick and Mortar Travel Agency Supply Chain Online information site wisegeek.com defined brick-and-mortar companies as those that operate out of a physical building, where owners must invest to rent an office space, purchase supplies and fixtures, and pay for expenses needed to keep the business operational (What is Bricks and Mortar?, 2010). The site said that brick-and-mortar are traditional companies that have faced fierce competition since the 1990s, when the internet started to boom, from online companies that are based on the internet and which run businesses for a fraction of the traditional costs (What is Bricks and Mortar?, 2010). The site contrasted brick-and-mortar companies with those online to illustrate the pros and cons of the two business models. Below is a tabular summary of the comparison: Comparison of Brick-and-Mortar and Online Companies Brick-and-Mortar Companies Online Companies Customer Trust Has an advantage of visibility. Clients may think that a business with investments in buildings, employees, and goods are less likely to be fly-by-night. Can face questions about integrity. Clients may think that these companies are transitory and can simply turn their backs on them by refusing to answer phone calls, e-mails, and other media for channeling complaints. Owner Risk Poses significant risk for the owners as businesses require planning, tri-media marketing, and cash-flow to pay for everyday expenses as well as capital outlay. Poses minimal risk for the owners as much of the traditional costs of running a business are not accrued. Competition High start-up costs and high turnover rates as companies struggle to stay afloat amid the competition from online as well as other brick-and-mortar companies. Low start-up costs but high turnover rates if companies cannot find their niche. To describe the processes of a brick-and-mortar company, it is necessary to look at its supply chain. Mamaghani (2009) in Impact of E-commerce on Travel and Tourism: a Historical Analysis described the roles of travel agents, clients, and airlines before the move towards the new medium of the internet. The author said that during the pre-computerized period, travel agents advised clients on travel destinations, provided marketing materials, and acted as an intermediary in the complicated process of arranging travel bookings. Because they were the proverbial middlemen, travel agents were complacent and not keen on leveling up their services to cater to all clients (Mamaghani, 2009). According to Mamaghani (2009): The travel market became segmented as travel agents increasingly targeted corporate customers. Travel agents were able to provide value-added services like negotiation of bulk fares and arranging complex itinerariesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ There were two waves of information technology that have had a major impact on the industry. The first of these is the development of the direct reservation systems, such as the American Airlines SABRE system. The second is the development of online sales channels via the Internet. Travelers Online Marketing In the article Will the Web Replace Your Travel Agent? published in the Medical Economics, author Murray (1996) said that the internet has increasingly become the better alternative to a travel agent for several reasons: web can alert people about travel and destinations that might have escaped agents radar either because they are obscure or do not offer commissions, many travel websites offer extras you wont discover elsewhere, and that the web is increasingly replacing trip marketing materials that can be updated real-time on the internet (Murray, 1996). Because of the many advantages that being online bring to a C2B company, Fred Mawer (2005) said that the people who rely on travel agents alone will soon be a minority. He said that there are specific advantages to booking travels online: financial the internet reduces overheads for companies and many charge less for online bookings, availability ability to find thousands of choices in a minute, and details good websites provide more detailed and clearer information than any other source (Mawer, 2005). Author Carl Gibeily (2002) wrote online traveling has been the only way to fly not just in the United States but also in the Middle East and other parts of the globe. Expensive Advertisement for Brick-and-Mortar Companies One of the traditional costs that brick-and-mortar companies incur is advertising. According to traveladvertising.com, an online community for travel agents, there are three categories of advertising that agents must use to reach out to their clients or potential clients. These forms of advertising include print advertising for magazines, newspapers, leaflets, poster campaigns advertising; media advertising for TV and radio; and new media advertising for the internet (traveladvertising.com, n.d.). Brick-and-mortar companies, because they do not have online presence, concentrate their resources on funding print and media advertising, thus, depriving them of the immense benefits of new media advertising. Descriptions of each category by traveladvertsiing.com are contained in a tabular summary below: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Advertising for Travel Agents Print Media New Media Targeted towards a specific readership Limited shelf life Limited exposure Costly especially when placed in premium publications that target a specific audience Targeted at a large population and wide geography Target population cannot be narrowed down as ad will be exposed to diverse people with varied income levels Costly and cannot be afforded by small-scale agents with no national or international presence Targeted at a very large population across countries Target population can be narrowed down by providing contents that are relevant to the audience Relatively inexpensive as costs include ad design, website development, and system maintenance Pros and Cons of C2B According to William Sieglein (2000), C2B businesses that allow people to shop online provides flexibility, better prices and more selections for consumers but presents a great concern for security. He said that the exchange of personal information such as credit card number, home address and phone numbers pose threats in purchasing products off the World Wide Web. As information travels through the internet, it may be intercepted, stolen and used for identity theft. To provide a secured business environment online, C2B companies must ensure that that sensitive information that consumers provide online will be powerfully protected from unauthorized parties. Companies selling products online must assure consumers that the information is stored on their secure, well-configured safe zone of their network. These zones, most often referred to as demilitarized zone, should have secured firewall configurations. Strong access controls should also be in place, and this includes user identification and authentication. Server hardening, data storage encryption, and intrusion detections must likewise be practiced persistently. What can be the repercussions of not protecting your C2B business environments? A handful of adverse effects that can impinge on the growth of a company both on the short and long term. First, reputation of the company would be dragged into the mud. Reputation is a valuable resource of online companies. If a company is deemed to be engaging in deceitful transactions or is unable to block possible deceitful transactions in its website, then consumers can easily and rather swiftly stay clear of the website. Consumers can rapidly spread news about their bad experiences with the company to thousands of other consumers and potential consumers online via social networking sites and consumer feedback mechanisms. These happenings will subsequently result in lessened patronage for the site. Second, the company can be embroiled in a lengthy dispute settlement or costly legal battle whenever complaints about the security features of its site pop up. Dispute settlement and court cases will of course drain the company of precious resources. It can also tarnish the companys name in case that the proceedings conclude that the companys systems were not fail-safe. Third, leaks in the security features of a C2B can channel confidential information to competitors, allowing them an inside look into the companys processes and giving them the chance to spoil operations to their advantage. As a consequence, companies will have to shed money to shed money to contain the damage, investigate the incident, fortify security measures, and pursue legal actions against parties found to have breached the companys protection measures. Because the internet is a public place that is easily accessible by many people, C2B companies must provide their consumers several options to protect their identity and other personal information while transacting in the companys website. According to Dholakia, Dholakia, and Mundorf (2002), consumers may control the amount of information they make public on the internet by using four strategies: identifiability, confidentiality, anonymity/pseudonimity, and secrecy. The strategies are described in detail below: 4 Consumer Strategies for Protecting Their Identities Online Accuracy of Personal Information Externalized Amount of Personal Information Externalized High Low High Identifiability Consumer is willing to disclose all personal information with accuracy. Businesses can acquire high degree identity knowledge on the consumer Anonymity/Pseudonimity Consumers disclose and fabricate all kinds of information that are supposedly about themselves on the internet Consumers are avoiding identifiability and trust is not given to the C2B website Website should not trust the information provided for by the consumer Low Confidentiality Consumer gives little personal information with high accuracy The sites brand equity, reputations of the marketer, favorable endorsements and other elements may lead the consumer to trust the website Secrecy Consumers may share very little and potentially inaccurate personal information The level of accuracy and willingness to share information online clearly pose some serious problems for C2B companies. For instance, consumers may use information of another person in entering into transactions. In this case, it is very important that C2B travel companies state in its sales terms of conditions what types of responsibilities, if any, it will own up to. C2B Case Analysis: Priceline.com Priceline.com Incorporated is a multinational company listed in NASDAQ that provides online travel services across Europe, North America, the Middle East, and Africa (priceline.com, n.d.). Its main purpose is to allow clients to save on airline tickets, hotel rooms, rental cars, vacation packages and cruises than any other Internet travel service (priceline.com, n.d.). According to Chan, Lee, Dillon Chang (2001, p.10), Priceline.com introduced to the world a novel online application called the demand collection system, which allows consumers to bid for the prices of unsold airline tickets by naming the price for which they want to buy the tickets. By pioneering this consumer-oriented, dynamic, and customized pricing system, Priceline.com reinvented traditional commerce that often imposed fixed prices on consumers. The authors categorized the company as C2B in which consumer specifies the requirements to a business, which provides a product that meets these requirements. These requirements could be as simple as an acceptable price, or could involve considerable customization of an existing standard product, or creation of a new product (p. 8). The business model of Priceline.com is different from others that are into consumer-to-consumer, business-to-business, and business-to-consumer. The following is a tabular summary of various online business models (Chan, Lee, Dillon Chang, 2001, pp. 6-8). Online Business Model Matrix Business Consumer Business B2B: TPN Buyer and seller are business organizations. Can be buyer-oriented, seller-oriented or a virtual marketplace. B2C: Amazon Seller is a business organization while the buyer is a consumer. Emulates physical retailing and is often called electronic retailing. Consumer C2B: Priceline Consumer is a seller while buyer is a business organization. Consumers set out requirements to businesses, which then attempt to satisfy the requirements. C2C: eBay Seller and buyer are consumers. Virtual communities are formed where members host auctions or bid for products. Many things can be inferred from the business model of Priceline.com. First, the online travel service company performs the traditional roles of a travel agent. The huge difference between traditional travel agents and Priceline.com however is that the latter harnesses the huge potentials of the internet. Priceline.com uses the new media to deliver services in a much more efficient manner than a traditional travel agent and on a wider scale. Note that traditional agents are mere intermediaries who act as go-between, taking orders from consumers, presenting the orders to businesses, helping consumers decide on what to buy according to their budget and tastes by presenting varied options. Priceline.com does just that, yet in a much quicker manner. Second, Priceline.com empowers the consumers and allows businesses to stay in touch with consumers desires. Traditional travel agents may opt to cater to only a few groups like corporate clients that are sure to give them a steady flow of huge income. They may choose to disregard small-time infrequent travelers. With Priceline.com, however, all kinds of consumers are entertained. By specifying travel requirements and details, consumers will get a response from various travel companies that can meet the requirements and details they specified. Consumers are also empowered because they can sway businesses to provide products and services according to specifications and demands. Businesses also become in tuned with consumers demands in this type of business model. Because they learn of consumers demand real-time, they can rapidly customize products and services to respond to their markets. Third, Priceline.com presents enormous challenges in terms of technology. The company relies heavily on the internet in terms of providing services. Thus, it is imperative that it protects its systems against attacks, frauds, and phishing activities to safeguard the integrity of its operations as well as gain and keep the trust of its partners. Disruptions and downtimes caused by any technological problems will also cost Priceline.com. It should therefore continuously perform and maintain risk management programs. Review of Literature Internet The advent of online business was made possible by one medium, the internet. The development of the internet started in the 1950s when the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, was asked by the Department of Defense to develop a system to allow the United States to mount a counter attack in the event of a Soviet Union nuclear first strike (Boudreaux Sloboda, 1999). By 1965, DARPA sponsored A Cooperative Net-work of Time Sharing Computers that became the predecessor of the internet. Over the years, scientists, researchers and hobbyists contributed their talents to the development of the internet to become the vast network that we have today (Boudreaux Sloboda, 1999). E-Commerce The internet has created for businesses a level-playing field where the midgets can compete with the titans, where the start-ups can flourish for a fraction of a cost to challenge the old-timers. Indeed, the internet is a grand stage for entrepreneurs to showcase their bright ideas to the business world. Joshi and Yermish (2000) mentioned five occurrences that have been shaping the Internet as a business world. These occurrences are facilitating the transition towards the new media in terms of offering and availing of products and services. The authors identified these occurrences as (1) the separation of the information about products and services from the physical products and services themselves, (2) products and services are becoming information-based, (3) internet bridges distance between consumers and business organizations, (4) internet is a medium for rapidly responding to consumers and markets, and (5) internet allows consumers to become agents of marketing (Joshi Yermish, 2000). The following is a tabular summary of descriptions for each occurrence: Occurrences that Have Made the Internet a Business World Increased Separation of the Flow of Information Information about products and services is distinct from actual products and services. Moreover, information travels to consumers and buyers faster than the provision of the physical orders themselves. Increased Focus on Information Flows Products and services are technologically intensive and may not be necessarily material objects. They may be delivered solely on the internet, from the internet or to the internet. Reduced Distance The third aspect to the new economy is the shrinking physical distances. In the new economy, proximity requirements have been almost totally removed as (in theory at least) everyone is connected with everyone else. Rapid Response Businesses are provided with real-time feedback from consumers while consumers get swift response from businesses. Rapid response allows businesses to be consumer-focused, service-oriented, and flexible as they are fed information about their performance and the competitions operations in a fast manner. Using the Customer as a Marketing Agent Because internet is a medium where consumers can provide feedback and get response real-time, consumers may act as a marketing agent for a company. They can easily talk about favorable services and positive experiences they have had with a company and then go on sharing these experiences or talking about these services online, where thousands of people may be able to chance upon their insights. Matthewson (2002, pp.45-46) sets out the steps in achieving best practices in online buying process where consumers go to the companies to buy goods and services: customer acquisition, segmentation and targeting, promotions, online ordering, order fulfillment and after-sales support, and up-sell and cross-sell. Although the internet is a powerful medium, harnessing it does not guarantee success. Brynjolfsson Urban (2001, pp. 121-122) outlined practices that can make companies lead or lag in the industry. Some of the leading practices include focusing on matching appropriate technology to business strategy and customer requirements; ensuring that appropriate technology capability and capacity were internally in place or available through partnering; building technology platforms to support Internet, intranet, and extranet applications, with a view to reinforcing, improving, or changing the value propositions of their core business; early adoption of Web technologies to achieve a comp etitive advantage; and learning the technology in the context of developing an information or marketing strategy (Brynjolfsson Urban, 2001, pp.121-122). Lagging IT practices include having the IT department responsible for e-business developments; having underfunded and undervalued IT and e-business developments; treating IT and Web-based technologies as a cost center rather than a profit center; and positioning the CIO as a specialist functional manager (pp. 121-122). Travel Agent SWOT Analysis in C2B Model In a C2B business environment, travel agents with online presence clearly possess a great deal of strengths. However, with competition from small-time and big-ticket players ever-present, travel agents must constantly be on the lookout. This is because on the online environment, other travel agents can easily duplicate their strengths, bank on their weaknesses, seize opportunities faster, and thwart threats more formidably, all in swift turn-around time. Below is a tabular analysis of the SWOT of travel agents operating in an online business environment. SWOT Analysis Internal External Maximize Strengths The strengths of a travel agent in an online C2B model include abilities to rapidly communicate with consumers, get their travel requirements, deliver these requirements to businesses, receive feedback from consumers for services and products delivered, and create possibilities for future collaborations. Opportunities The opportunities would include the chance to cater to untapped segments of both the local and global marketplace. Minimize Weaknesses The weaknesses would include the need to respond to consumers and businesses 24 hours a day and seven days a week at quick turn-around time. Threats The threats would of course include security concerns and competition from other C2B that continuously enter the industry. Conclusion Internet is a potent tool for surviving and competing in the travel industry. However, companies and agents must know how to use this medium to their advantage as the internet has its kinks that can spell big troubles. To stay afloat in the travel industry, agents and companies must bank on the strengths of the internet and develop strategic plans that would help them sustain operations both in the short and long term (Chopra. Van Mieghem, 2000).

Critical Perspective Of Marxism And Foucauldian Sociology Essay

Critical Perspective Of Marxism And Foucauldian Sociology Essay Critical theory dates back to the Enlightenment and is connected to the writings of Kant, Hegel and Marx. However, in the 20th century, critical theory became closely associated with a distinct body of thought, known as the Frankfurt School. It states Devetak in Burchills and Linklaters Theories of International Relations. It is the work of Horkheimer, Adorno, Benjamin, Marcuse, Fromm and more recently, Habermas that critical theory has acquired a renewed strength. Thus, the term critical theory was used as the symbol of a philosophy which questions the effective order of political and social modernity through an order of immanent critique. It was mainly an attempt to regain a critical potential that had been overrun by recent intellectual, social, cultural, economic and technological trends. The Frankfurt School of Critical Theory is the longest and most famous traditions of Marxism.   This tradition is often referred as critical theory- meaning a special kind of social philosophy from its inception in 1923 by Felix Weil (Seiler, 2004).   The critical theory of society of the Frankfurt School continues to excite interest and controversy (Kellner, 2001).   A theory is critical to the extent that it seeks human emancipation, to liberate human beings from the circumstances that enslave them.   A number of critical theories have emerged in connection with the many social movements that identify varied dimension of the domination of human beings in modern societies (Gutting, 2003). The above statement sets the mood for this paper as I will be looking at how the critical management theory of yesterday applies to the modern western today.   Another key aspect will be on trying to articulate the connections between the management perspectives of contemporary society in the critical theory.   The focus will be on The focus will be on as the location for cooperative, practical and transformative activity continues today.   This attempt will be on determining the nature and limits of real democracy in complex, pluralistic, and globalised societies. what is it, why is it applied to management) Introduction part 2 (150): Marx and Foucault as critical theorists (an overview of their thought). A Marxists thought is based on this lifestyle, a science of logic called Dialectics. Thus, Marxism is both a theory and a practice. The theories of Marxism are based on a scientific method of thought called dialectal materialism.   Theory is based on a particular set of conditions that are always finite, and thus, any theory is necessarily limited. To test the validity of theory, Marxists rely on empirical evidence as the criteria of truth (Basgen, 2005). Marxism embraces modernity and Marxists argue that one of the main problems is that capitalism puts fetters on the progressive forces. The forces of capitalism are viewed as progressive in sweeping away the traditional, religious, backward, and feudal forms of society, spreading industrialisation and urbanisation across societies (Moody, 2003). Marxs critique of capitalism was that while this system had incredible power and potential to transform human society positively, in actual fact it resulted in exploitation and ultimately limited the possibility for further improvement (Powell, 2001). Moody (2003), describe this environment as workers were emancipated from traditional limits but became slaves of the new factory system, monopolisation resulted in limits on trade and further progress, and the state acted in the interests of the bourgeoisie rather than society as a whole. Followed by your argument (that they each offer a distinct analysis (Foucault as a critic of Marxisms humanism, subjectivity and economic reductionism) but both are useful to evaluate management approaches Marx for economic relationships between manager and worker and Foucault for patterns in disciplinary behaviour found in managerial practices. CRITICAL THEORY The term Critical theory has its origins in the 20th century Frankfurt School, and now is associated with scholars across a range of disciplines.   Its purpose of inquiry is to confront injustices in society (Clark, 2004).   Critical Theory has been deeply concerned with the fate of modernity, and has offered systematic and comprehensive theories of the trajectory of modernity. Critical theory began by putting Marxian political economy at the centre of analysis, and early critical theory was materialist and committed to socialism (Gingrich, 2000).     Critical theory has generally been committed to the idea of modernity and progress, while at the same time noting the ways that features of modernity can create problems for individuals and society (Kellner, 2000). This is much reflected on the 21st century, though there is progress in many things, but still issues like globalisation tends to pose important problems for the society.     Ã‚  According to Heilman (1998), being critical involves understanding the sets of historically contingent circumstances and contradictory power relationships that create the conditions in which we live.   Theory helps us to organize the world, to sort out the details, to make some coherent sense out of a kaleidoscope of sensations (Ayers, 1992).   When theory is theorized, as stated by Heilman (1998), the imperatives of practice bring the theory down to the ground.   Phenomena are observed and experienced; this experience informs theory; and then the theory is further modified as a result of additional practice.   Rather like fiction writing, critical theorizing is a process of imagining and describing a nonreal but possible world.   The critical theorists have deeply influenced contemporary social theory, communication theories, cultural theory and many more for a number of decades.   According to Clark (2004), Critical theorists are committed to understand the relationship between societal structures (such as economic and political) and ideological patterns of thought that constrain the human imagination and thus limit opportunities for confronting and changing unjust social systems.   Critical theorists emphasise that theory and research must serve emancipatory interests, to create a world that satisfies the needs and powers of social actors (Sanghera, 2004).     According to critical theory, people are dominated by a false consciousness created and perpetuated by capitalism in order to preserve the hegemony of those in power (Meyer-Emerick, 2004).   Due to this cause, one can assume that it prevents people from freely pursuing their own interests.   This dissent is only dismissed if people begin to see the contradictions between the social construction of the world and their lived experience.   CRITICAL THEORY TODAY   The critical theorists analysed the integration of the working class into advanced capitalist societies and suggested the need for new agents of a social change.   They seemed to provide more vivid descriptions of the present configurations of culture and society (Kellner, 2004).   According to my understanding, we look into the critical theory of the past to gain methodological insight and political inspiration to carry on the tasks of critical social theory in the present time.   Critical theory is crucial for South Africa including the whole African continent, as we are undergoing vast transformations.  Ã‚   Some of these transformations are promising to uplift our standard of living as the society, but others are threatening.   Globalisation is one of the new transformations.     Revolutionary Marxists maintain that although change may arise as an unintended consequence of molecular acts of resistance, the importance of resistance is that it can generate collective agents capable of pursuing the conscious goal of social change (Hassard, 2001).   This self-limiting resistance, orchestrated from above and aimed solely at affecting them as described by Hassard, is less likely to be successful in achieving even minor reforms than resistance that aims to effect a revolutionary transformation of society.   We have seen an interesting case here in South Africa opposed to what Marxists declared to be politically uninteresting which is labour process theory.   Their argument is that it does not engage with the issues of political and trade union organization, which influence the consciousness and unity of workers (Hogan, 2001).   COSATU (Congress of South African Trade Union) which is having close ties with the ANC (African National Congress) is making this labour process very interesting.   Cosatu fights for the rights of workers while promoting the spirit of unity.   They do this in a unified political activity.   Although the immediate interests of workers in production may diverge, their grievances and interests can be unified into a common political program, but that unification is a political achievement.   This is more apparent on what happened recently with the case of Zimbabwe where Cosatu wanted to have talks with Zimbabwes congress of Trade Union.   Cosatu believes that the unification of workers can have a huge impact on political changes as MDC (Movement for Democratic Change) is aiming at changing the political affairs of Zimbabwe ahead of Robert Mugabes Zanu-PF (the ruling party).   Marxs critique of capitalism Capitalism is the system that upholds the relationship between the owners of the means of production and workers. The former comprise the bourgeois class and the latter the proletariat. (Bourgeois managers, proletariat workers). Marxs analysis of the factory can be translated to the office environment, the relationship between the two classes remains, e.g. office workers do not own the company, equipment and materials the belong to the company. Counter agreement is that companies give share to employees, however, shares are small they dont give power to the employees but it is a form of making them employees feel part of the company in order to gain more out of them . The bourgeois (managers that have control) Commodity fetishism Culture of the commodity, or what a capitalist organisation produces, as containing a value dependant on market factors, rather than on the activity of labour. This produces an objective relationship between commodities and labourers are reduced to the condition and status of the commodities they produce. Implications for critical theory looking at management approaches: Prices of commodity go up and down and so does the price of labour cost e.g. recession Salary: paid no matter how much they produce Bonus: to encourage production to increase profits Marx: (800wrds) Exploitation as Alienation Explain Marxs articulation of exploitation. The practice of mistreat of workers in an environment that is deliberately designed to maintain it, i.e. capitalism, Marxs conforming the workers alienated by/owners of the means of production to gain profits at the expense of the workers (e.g. managers forcing employees to undertake tasks outside their job description in order to cut costs and maximise profits) because people are alienated they conform to the demands of their employers in order to keep jobs safe. Foucault bound to rules, rule-bound individual, Marxs Humanism Foucault Strucralist, came after Marx Moves away from the economics of Marx. Looks at power and reconceptualises it. Management as a representation of power relations in society. Specific rules maintain, regulate and institutionalize practices in a work environment (office, factory, school, etc), Power- Disciplinary power the panopticon as a illustration of society, the middle tower is all seeing yet prisoners always obey without knowing for certain whether they are being monitored, by whom or by how many. The result is the creation of self-regulating, obedient and disciplined prisoners (at least in theory). Relate this form of disciplinary power to management. Power as the central driving force in a society within a group of people in a working environment. Manager doesnt create a system the manager merely plays along with the rules, thus maintaining the relations of dominance and dominated. Discourses (rules that we work within and obey) and all to do with power Power-Knowledge, all power engenders power and (hanin essay). The rules that are emplace are their to maximise profits and to make the workforce obedient, docile subjects ; alternative view to commodity fetishism, marx says the worker turns in to a commodity that is commodity fetishism, Focault would say that the individual is merely the collective of the discourses they obey. The two concerns are thats 1. Marx looks at the economy 2. Foucault looks at power. 3 objections to ideology (Marx) 1. requires an opposing concept of scientific truth 2. implies that we are subjects(agents of history to change it) 3. relative to economic superstructure MICHEL FOUCALT (1926 1984)   His studies challenged the influence of German political philosopher Karl Marx and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Foucault offered new concepts that challenged peoples assumptions about prisons, the police, insurance, care of the mentally ill, gay rights, and welfare (Ron, 2000).   The main influences on Foucaults thought were German philosophers Frederick Nietzsche and Martin Heidegger.   The connect.net website, describe Foucaults thought as explored the shifting patterns of power within a society and the ways in which power relates to the self. He investigated the changing rules governing the kind of claims that could be taken seriously as true or false at different times in history. Marx Vs Foucault Foucault would argue that power relations are the units of analysis, not the individual; in other words the individual is created by power-knowledge (power is above all creative, it creates subjects). Marx puts the individual at the centre, where the subject is conscious of his role in the historical process. Humanism (placing the individual at the centre of events, man as the agent, as the creator of history (what Foucault critiques as a structuralist philosopher). Marxs humanism can be defined as Power-Knowledge, all power engenders power and (hanin essay). The rules that are emplace are their to maximise profits and to make the workforce obedient, docile subjects ; alternative view to commodity fetishism, marx says the worker turns in to a commodity that is commodity fetishism, Focault would say that the individual is merely the collective of the discourses they obey. The two concerns are thats 1. Marx looks at the economy 2. Foucault looks at power. 600 word on whether Scientific management theory can better cope with analysis of management than Marx and Foucault Scientific management (Taylor System) also known as Taylorism is a theory of management that analysis and manufactures workflows to improve employee (labour) productivity. The idea was developed by a Frederick Winslow Taylor between 1880 and 1890, and it was the first published monograph (written documents). Frederick Taylor believed that decisions based upon tradition and the rules of the thumb should be replaced by accurate procedures that are developed after a study of an individual at work. This means that there is a high level of managerial control over employee work practices. Scientific management is a distinction on the theme of efficiency; it developed in the 19th and 20th century were instance of large recurring theme in the human life of increasing efficiency, decreasing waste and using experiential methods to dictate what matters rather than accepting pre-existing ideas of what matters. Management today is the greatest use of scientific management is a form to contrast a new and improved way of doing business. The Marxist theory of capital sees labour as a cost of production resulting in the alienation of workers as the need for labour surfaces from the physical needs defined by the fundamental relationship between humans and their physical environment (Hatch, 1997, p.27).   Taylors ideas on scientific management (1990) have similar economic themes to Marx and Adam Smith.   By viewing management as a science, he broke down the managerial problem into stages of research, definition, analysis and implementation.   His principles were inherently based on the assumption that people put in as little effort as possible into their work and were soldiering on in order to earn money.   This shifted all the responsibility from the worker to the manager and scientific methods were used to determine the most efficient way of working.   After selecting the best person capable of performing the task, they were trained to work efficiently and their performance was strictly monitored.   In hin dsight, though this may have appeared to be a good generic strategy for the success of a firm, it heavily depended on whether the optimal method of producing could be found and whether or not the strategy was implemented correctly.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion Great managers know and value the unique abilities and even the eccentricities of their employees, and they learn how best to integrate them into a coordinated plan of attack (Buckingham, 2005).   Managers are only as good as their ideas, resources and workers.   The way in which he deploys the resources at his disposal is essentially the making or breaking of a manager.   Great managers are able to discover and develop what is different about each person who works for them.   Strictly defining management and the role of managers can only be done after the managerial act has been observed in reality, the majority of the analysis is theoretical evaluation and speculation based on past examples.  Ã‚   It is important to understand that the perception of what managers are supposed to do evolves with the industry and technology that runs parallel to the growth of a firm.   Managers used to control by fear and use absolute power, however, a more humanistic approach is now used , in which the employee is valued in the decision making process undertaken by the manager.  

the kill artist :: essays research papers

Modern Middle East As the Middle East peace negotiations putter along, Daniel Silva's fictional book, The Kill Artist, could not be timelier. The story is a country-hopping cat-and-mouse game between two master assassins, one Palestinian, one Israeli. The story begins with the assassination of an Israeli ambassador in Paris, pulled off by Tariq, a master Palestinian assassin. Rumors of Tariq's plans to disrupt the ongoing peace talks reach Ari Shamron, head of the Mossad, Israel's intelligence agency. To find and kill Tariq, Shamron calls on ex-agent Gabriel Allon. The story mixes real people and places with fictional characters, providing an authentic feel for the storyline. The main theme is that a retired Israeli deep cover agent is brought out of retirement to face an old terrorist enemy. We learn that Allon was once one of the Mossad's most skilled assassins, tracking down and dispatching terrorist enemies of Israel. But the cost was horrendous. After his wife and child became two of Tariq's targets, he thrust himself into seclusion. Now that he is called back, he along with a female partner masquerading as a model, attempt to destroy the network of terror created by Tariq. More and more people are drawn into the action as time goes on including the American CIA and international businessmen. The terrorist Tariq always seems to be one step ahead of his opponents as they are bested time and time again. The scene changes from country to country as the two groups battle in an international arena, and we finally discover the true purpose of Ta riq's mission as the story arrives at its conclusion. Prior to becoming an author, Silva was a CNN executive producer and journalist who covered the Middle East. The background those experiences gave him only intensify the story, making for a convincing read. Silva's time as a journalist and CNN executive producer, covering everything from Washington politics to Middle East conflicts, is evidenced in The Kill Artist. Details gleaned from his research into the inner workings of the PLO and the cutthroat world of international art brings settings and characters alive, as each comes up against the complications of romance in the rich, and the murky underworld of the spy Although I liked the flow of action in this novel, a large number of superfluous characters are introduced in the first part of the book that never get fully fleshed out. Some of the characters more integral to the story also seemed a little shallow in their presentation.

Bridge to Terabithia Summaries :: essays research papers

Chapter summaries In chapter fiveMay Belle's dad gives her some Twinkies. On the bus Janice Avery (the school bully) hears May Belle telling Billy Jean (May Belle's best friend) about the Twinkies. At recess time May Belle comes to Jess saying that Janice stole them. May Belle says, "Kill her!" and calls Jess yeller. Jess and Leslie get back at Janice Avery by writing a love letter and signing it Willard Hughes. It told her to meet him outside after school. The hard part was getting the note inside her desk. When she found it she waited outside the school for nothing. When she came back to school the next day she was really mad. Chapter 6 " The Coming Of Prince Terrien" By: Desiree Jackson -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jesse's family was already obsessed with Christmas, and it was a month away. He was disturbed about what he was going to get Leslie for Christmas. He didn't have a clue, because his Father only gave him enough money to get his sisters something. He was on the school bus and saw a box that said "Puppies 4 Sale". He asked the bus driver to let him get off , at first the bus driver said no, but then Jesse told him that he was running errands for his mother. Then the driver told him if he gets in any trouble his mother was going to know it. Jess surprised Leslie. She loved the puppy. They called him Prince Terrien of Terabithia. Ch 7 In this chapter Leslie, her dad and Jess started doing up the old Perkin’s place. They favored one room the most. They called it â€Å"The Golden Room† because it was painted gold. Jess gets to meet and know more about Leslie's family. One day Janice Avery fell down on the bus and she blamed it on Jess. She kicked up so much noise, the bus driver told Jess to walk home. She also ate May Belle's Twinkies. Jess and Leslie met at Terabithia one evening and they talked about a way to trick Janice. So they write a note that said, Dear Janice, I love you. Lets meet at the scool playground and I will walk you home. Yours Truly, Willard Hughes. Ch 8 In Chapter Eight Leslie goes to church with Jess. Jesse's mother didn't want Leslie to go with them. But Jess insisted that Leslie should go. At church Leslie didn't sing the songs that they sang in church.

Total Institutions Essay -- essays research papers

Total Institutions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the year 1961, the author, Erving Goffman, published a book consisting of text and studies on mental patients and inmates, in what he has called â€Å"total institutions†. There is a large focus on the life of mental patients, due to his year long study in an American institution. However, the center of my reading was based on the institutions and the lifestyles that are reached when placed in such establishments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When describing these institutions the author referred to them as segregated communities. This is exactly what they are. One is cut off from the outside society, with little or no contact at all until the inmates stay is over. The character of these institutions is one that is an intimidating barrier to the outside world. One who’s barriers could be as simple as a fence or a locked door, but as distinct and scary as the high walls, thick bars and razor wire topped, electrically protected fences of today’s top penitentiaries. Every institution provides a new world to its members, in most successful cases, changing the perception and reality of the inmate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through the years of research conducted by the author, Goffman concluded that the total institutions in our societies breakdown into five rough groupings. There is room to expand on each one of these groupings as these findings are not precise, interpretation is the key when classifying the establishments. His first conclusion was to classify all institutions that were established to care for people who were incapable and harmless to themselves and one another. One may relate to these institutions as the may be part of our lives on a daily basis. This may be the nursing home where the elderly, widow/widowed grandmother/father is living out his last fine days on this earth. It could be one of the less than desirable child rearing homes, such as an orphanage. Or this category may also include where the unfortunate, the wanderer, and the vagrant all congregate, our nations homeless shelters. Whatever the institution may be, it is defined by a place where one may go to receive treatment, nourishment and attention when there may be no other opportunity afforded them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second of these groupings, encompasses all of the institutions that care for people who are inca... ...s schedules are all imposed by the officials that run the institution. The goals of the institution are fulfilled by these schedules and the tasks that are completed by the inmates, whether it may be a work service crew maintaining the grounds or by a janitorial staff maintaining the interior. Even though these institutions are similar in many instances to others, the do however have more contact with the outside world and rely on that contact to enhance its abilities to rehabilitate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total institutions are ones that will take away and identity and not ask questions. One where inmates are moved as managed group and looked down upon as secretive and bitter. Treating one like they are inferior and, guilty and weak is no way to re-establish someone’s life and return them to the world. Total institutions are incompatible with family , which is one of the strongest values that we need to maintain in this disintegrating world environment. We need to embrace family and do what we can to maintain our natural family values all throughout our travels and daily life. 1961 erving goffman asylums; essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates

KFC Swot

KFC SWOT analysis The Kentucky Fried Chicken mission statement The Kentucky Fred Chicken mission statement is â€Å"To sell fast food in a fast, friendly environment that appeals to pride conscious, health minded consumers† vision statement : â€Å"†To be the leading integrated food services group† so the world ‘s best tasting starts with the fresh ingredients , the chicken farms &how they raised up †¦ let’s start analyzing the portofolioes: **According to the BCG –matrix: Stars | Cash cows|Xtreme meals,individual meals| Family meals ,sandwiches & coleslaw| Dogs| Question marks| Nuggets, green salads| Desserts , crispy strips, rizo | They should analyze the question marks and the dogs & turn them into stars or cash cows may be investing offers. (N. B:R&D has to work more on their products) Market segmentation & targetting : They classified the market into 3 distinctive markets: a. Individual meals : targetting teenagers , youth & mid-age g roups b. Related article: KFC MacroKids meals: targetting the children by offering them toys & enhancing the play room in their restaurants c. Family meals : for families ranging from 4-6 persons Swot analysis: Strenghts : Customers needed some snacks so , they were the first to introduce what’s called a â€Å"SNACK BOX† which consists of 2 pieces of chicken .. in addition to the cheap price they offer. Weakness: Lack of introducing new items or investing in the old menu †¦.R&D department has to be more focused †¦.. Opportunities: KFC had the opportunity to be reachable world wide in addition to the americana logo which is percieved as a 100% quality offered . KFC has positioned itself as the â€Å"finger lickin good â€Å" brand which is characterized by its special taste formula . Threats : KFC started to fear competitors like Mc donald’s who nowadays offer more healthier food which make customers more focused on more healthier food rather than fried chicken .

Metaphor in “The Yellow Wallpaper”

The beginning of the 19 the speed of light is characterized by strong discrimination and onerousness of wo glide bys in rescript meaning that women were something alike private seat being subject single to keep house and to seize children. Gilman comes from a long list of exemption fighters for womens rights and they were concerned with the role of women in parliamentary law and, oddly, in family interactions. The formers made an cause to create new ideal of chuck up the sponge and independent women. Her works be practiced of symbolic meanings persuading women to change their lives, to be provided with opportunity to receive proper education and job, to pay mangle suffrage. They patently wanted men to set up in mind to them. (Lane 1990)The Yellow W on the whole(a)paper highlights the issues of control and assault of women in society. It is necessary to admit that the agent appears rather symbolic for all women. She objects to the occurrence that women are e xpected to keep house, to bear children and to obey mens put ins. Consequently, men are privileged generous as they have proper education, job opportunities and are allowed to knead decisions in contrast to women. As Gilman says women are in the prison of acquiescence, simply because of personal weakness that contri unlesse to the mastersizing of women as well as because of a combination of societys control. (Gilbert 1996)The authors on the example of master(prenominal) heroine provide particular overview of 19th century society especially they tend to show the ills of society, culture of those eras and attitudes towards women. The Yellow Wallpaper tells a accounting of a young woman, fabricator, who has driven psychopathic by too loving her conserve. The author surely highlights that blatant sexism is present in society. The short-story shows that women are afr guardianship of expressing their feelings in order non to baffle husbands or to make them angry. In order t o achieve the in demand(p) expression and to better illustrate the genial order of 19th century society Gilman uses symbols and metaphors. (Gilman 1989)Throughout the short-story the author shows symbolically that females are restrained in the Ameri clear society. For example, the main heroine is simply imprisoned in the elbow room with the lily-livered cover. It is seen that the house is surrounded by gates that lock and at the poll of the stairs the gates prevent teller from leaving top floor. Bars on the windows provide an idea that freedom is particular(a) and all is need to break down the constraints, because window is, obviously, symbolizes mental limitations, not visible ones. The author shows that heroine is provided with no opportunities to escape and rafts of women in those times were kept in their place in American society. (Rex 1996)The storyteller is obliged to follow rigid enumeration being not able to aberrant from it. The take in of teller is metaphor o f all women who were considered not to be intelligent enough to make up their own decisions. The narrator and women in general were physically calendar week and hysterical and, at that placefore, were toughened as children. The narrator is also placed in childs nursery. She is forced by her husband to sit in her and to rest, as he thinks she is unintelligent and sill he called me a blessed little goose. (Gilman 1989, 5) Of course, such(prenominal) attitude was extended to close women and was not confined to the main heroine in the story.Actually, the yellowness paper is metaphor itself as it is utilise symbolically. The yellow wallpaper symbolizes societal oppression of women in American society. The mannequin on the wallpaper runs male-dominated society which deprives women their rights and freedom by moonlight, it becomes bars, she says, and the woman behind it is as gossamer as can be. (Gilman 1989, 13) The narrator wants to show that pattern on the yellow wallpaper is the actions of narrators husband, brother, and bear on who forced main heroine to be locked in her room and to do nothing but idling. Apparently, these people are willing to aid the narrator, to imprison her in her room upstairs.Womens imprisonment is described metaphorically by using womans image of bars behind the pattern in the wallpaper. The heroine realizes that these bars imprison women and choke off their lives. Therefore, the image of yellow wallpaper unaccompanied magnifies the problem being experienced by the heroine. Ostensibly, the pattern on the wallpaper isnt simply pattern for a childrens room, as Gilman firstly notes, it is presented as a mind-numbing quality attracting unbalanced mind The pattern slaps you in the face, knocks you down and tramples on you. It is like a bad dream.I fancy it is the pattern that keeps her so still. (Gilman 1989, 13) The author shows that women were unable to struggle And she is all the time seek to mount up through nobody could cli mb through that pattern kill so they get through, and then the pattern strangles them. (Gilman 1989, 15) Pattern on the yellow wallpaper and the fact that the main heroine achieves her freedom and license, though the price appears too high insanity in return for long-waiting freedom and independence authors metaphorical illustrations that women were powerfully oppressed and suppressed in American society. (Gilman 1989) different characters in the short-story notice that there is something strange and unusual with the yellow wallpaper Ive caught him several times facial expression at the paper And Jennie too. I caught Jennie with her hand on it once. (Gilman 1989, 13) As it is noted wallpaper is a metaphor of womens suppression, the actions of John, narrators husband represent the way many men and women of the time period dealt with this oppression. Obviously, John is an image of all men in American society who thinks that women are inferior to men and hence should be treated w ith delicacy not to do harm for them.Actually, John treated her wife as private property and a second-sort thing. fictionically, The Yellow Wallpaper is a horror story for women, because the narrator drives maniclike in the end symbolizing that it is the only way to escape. If to look deeper in the context, it is homely that the narrator illustrates literally women were routinely oppressed in those times. Treatment of husbands and pattern on the wallpaper symbolize prison for most women. Gilman warns men that such treatment can lead to nothing but fatal results. (Gilman 1989)Works CitedGilbert, Kelly. (1996). The Yellow Wallpaper An narrative of Emotions by Charlotte Perkins Gilman.Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Writings. USA Bantam Classic Books, 1989, 1-20.Lane, Ann J. (1990).To Herland and beyond The Life and Work of Charlotte Perkins Gilman. USA Thomson Place, 1990.Rex, T. (1998). Metaphor in The Yellow Wallpaper.

Advances in Modern Irrigation Systems Essay

Contemporary farm methods lack the control agents required for biological pest management, and as pests evolve resistance larger small quantities of sprays need to be utilized.Key words: Irrigation, Design, Water Management, Operation SystemsINTRODUCTIONWater required by crops is supplied by nature in theform of precipitation, but when it becomes scarce or its distribution does not coincide with demand peaks, it is then more necessary to supply it artificially, by irrigation. Several irrigation methods are available, and the selection of one depends on factors such as water availability, crop, soil characteristics, land topography, and associated cost. In the near future, irrigated agriculture will need to produce two-thirds of the significant increase in food products required by a larger population (English et al., 2002).Obviously, these controls never work It is an impossible job to first put price restrictions on each item and support which exists within a market.Criteria and procedures have been developed to improve and rationalize practices to apply water, through soil leveling, irrigation system design, discharge regulations, adduction structures, and control equipment. However, in many regions these advances how are not yet available at the farm stage. Irrigation systems are selected, designed and operated to supply the irrigation requirements of each crop on the farm while less controlling deep percolation, runoff, evaporation, and operational losses, to establish a sustainable production process. Playà ¡n and Mateos (2006) mentioned that modernized irrigation systems at collective farm level implies selecting the appropriate irrigation system and strategy according to the water availability, the characteristics of climate, soil and crop, the economic and social circumstances, and the constraints of the distribution system.

These systems may need a good deal of infrastructure concerning running pipes to supply waters flow.Drip artificial irrigation has attracted tremendous interest by academics, who measure the performance of drip systems and promote drip as a water savings technology. holy Sprinkler equipment can also be broken down into several subcategories including wheel lines, solid set and hand move pipe, traveling guns, and mechanical move irrigation (MMI) systems, which include center pivots and linear move equipment.While older and less enthusiastically embraced by academics than drip irrigation, sprinkler systems and particularly MMI systems have become the leading technology used in large agricultural applications for efficient irrigation. With the advent of new Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) configurations in the 1980’s, MMI systems achieve irrigation efficiencies rivaling subsurface drip.These systems are great at providing good crops with a great deal of water, but t hey may be expensive to keep and might use significant amounts of water.IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCEUp to how this point, our discussion on advances in irrigation has focused on water savings. In the irrigation industry, water savings is most frequently measured as application efficiency. Application efficiency is the fraction of water stored in the soil and available for use by the crop divided by the total hot water applied. For subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), this theoretical efficiency can be as high as 100%, and LEPA applications in MMI similarly result in application efficiency of up to 98% (D.

Irrigation might be required in sizeable locations.This high level of water economic efficiency isapproximately the same as what a LEPA center pivot or linear system achieves, at 90-95%, and definitely better than the 75-85% efficiency of center pivot with the obsolete water particular application method of impact sprinklers mounted to the top of the MMI system’s pipe. Gravity flow installations are typically around 40%-50% efficient. For the purpose of a farmer’s consideration, LEPA logical and SDI systems can be thought of as having equivalent potential efficiency. Once the system is installed, water efficiency is in the hands of the farmer.Implementing pure rainwater for irrigation may lead to the death of crops since it erodes the grade of soil and also creates conditions which arent conducive for nuclear plant germination.Such flushing is not a requirement with MMI equipment. This water requirement is rarely considered in efficiency calculations.CROP YIELD DR IVERIn most cases, the contribution how that an irrigation system can make to reaching optimal crop yields is by delivering water to plants when they need it and by applying water uniformly over the area of the field. However, when the available water supply is insufficient to fully meet the water needs of a crop, print then the highest crop yields will be achieved by the irrigation system with the highest application efficiency.

Agriculture encompasses a broad array of specialties.Uniformity of MMI systems is fairly ffrench constant over time. Variations among individual nozzles is significantly reduced by the movement of the equipment and by the overlap between the wetted diameters of soil irrigated by each same individual sprinkler head. Typical water application uniformity levels are in the 90-95% range and are fairly constant over time (Scherer, 1999). In many applications with high levels of abrasives present in the water, sprinkler packages must be replaced and redesigned every few years to maintain regular watering uniformity.It has played an integral part in the development of civilization.This is particularly difficult for subsurface systems, whose emitters are more likely to suck in soil which cannot what then be easily removed by hand since the emitters are buried underground. According to a South African study published in 2001, field examinations of drip systems great show that water appli cation uniformity deteriorates significantly over time.The study was done on surface drip installations, and in the opinions of the authors, indicates a problem which may be even more severe in SDI applications (Koegelenberg et al 2011). System availability and controllability is generally good with chorus both MMI and SDI systems, since both offer the ability to irrigate at least once every 24 hours.

Zero tillage commercial agriculture also should be utilized.As salts build up in soil, crop yields decrease. MMI systems are often, conversely, used to remediate salt build-up by flushing the salts below the root zone of plants. Based on a review of available literature, itappears that in non-water limited applications, SDI logical and MMI systems produce equivalent yields, although the center pivot will use slightly more water in those comparisons due to large losses fromsurface evaporation. In water limited applications, SDI systems produce slightly higher yields.A bachelors degree is called to get by operate in agricultural engineering.(O’Brien et al 1998). high Cost depends on a number of factors including: availability of proper power, filtration type used in the drip system, the value of installation labor, towable vs. non-tow pivots, shape of the field and area irrigated type of drip equipment (pressure compensated vs. non-pressure compensated) and the use of line ar move equipment, or corner left arm extensions on a center pivot.

Engineers that have a masters degree or a Ph.Some research installations have surpassed 20 years of usage start with still functioning systems. Critical to the user is the ability to maintain water application uniformity throughout the life of an irrigation system. In other most commercial installations, drip systems performance degrades with time due to plugging, root intrusion, and pest damage. Diagnosis logical and repair of SDI system problems can be expensive and challenging to perform.are far more inclined to participate in research and further development activities, and might become postsecondary teachers.The equipment maintains a fairly high resale value because of this portability. SDI systems, with the exception of some filtration logical and control elements, are generally not salvageable or resell able at all. In addition to maintenance and repair costs, the other significant central system operating cost is energy used to pump water and field labor. Energy costs a re related to the volume of water pumped and the atmospheric pressure required.

Another place to search for efficiencies is timing.Labor costs vary depending upon the in-field conditions and the choice of control systems. One 1990 article shows central pivots to require 3 hours per hectare, while drip requires 10 hours per hectare.(Kruse et al, 1990). Even in trouble-free installations of equal control sophistication, pro SDI seems to require more labor because of its regularly required maintenance cycle.Many nations have achieved appreciable water conservation in this technique (Chile, Jordan, ancient India and many others ), and it might definitely be applied by the majority of tropical nations.Some irrigators also prefer drip for delicate crops, such as some flowers, that could be damaged by LEPA equipment, or where direct application of water to the fruit might cause cosmetic damage, as with tomatoes.Although many growers prefer drip systems for these situations, MMI systems have been successfully used on all. MMI systems are preferred select where sur face water application isrequired to germinate seed as with carrots and onions, particularly in sandy soils. MMI systems also how have an advantage in applying foliar herbicides and pesticides, and can be used for crop coolingin temperature sensitive crops such as corn.

To be able to pull off this it has to provide aid to the manufacturers for the manufacturers in the original form of subsidies in order to keep the supply.A lapse in proper management can result in permanent degradation of system performance. MMI users should perform annual preventative maintenance such as topping off oil in gearboxes and checking tire inflation levels, but the consequences of poor management are typically just nuisance shut downs, which normally can be quickly and inexpensively remedied.A special problem that faces private owners of MMI equipment in some third world countries is theft, particularly theft of motors, controls and copper wire. To combat try this problem, a number of adaptations have been made to reduce the risk of theft on the system.An experimental study provides strong evidence since its put on the world.Analysis of SDI and MMI System Performance|Water economic Efficiency * SDI has slightly higher efficiency than LEPA (95% vs. 90-95%) in resear ch installation. * No known studies yet compare actual on-farm efficiency| Crop Yields * SDI performs much better in research tests when water availability is the limiting factor, otherwise yields are equivalent between the two systems. * Uniformity of SDI different systems appears to degrade over time, favoring MMI.

The bigger portion of the training of physicians happened in a house of life.* MMI systems have long lives (25 few years on average). SDI can have a life of 10-15 years if proper maintenance is performed. * Ongoing maintenance costs of SDI are 3-5 times higher than MMI.* Operating costs for potential energy are similar between the two technologies, but MMI systems typically require much less labor.Such endeavors can function to the expansion of areas.| Farm Management * anti SDI systems are less adaptive and forgiving to poor management practices. * Theft is an issue for mechanized systems in some third world markets. * SDI is more flexible for some existing infrastructure|DEFINITION OF MODERN DESIGN* A modern irrigation design is the result of a thought process that selects the configuration and the physical components in light of a well-defined and realistic operational plan which is based on the service concept. * Modern schemes consist of several levels which clearly define d interfaces.

* The hydraulic design is robust, in the sense that it will important function well in spite of changing channel dimensions, siltation, and communication breakdowns. Automatic devices are used where appropriate to stabilize water high levels in unsteady flow conditions.ADVANCES MADE IN IRRIGATIONMICRO IRRIGATIONDuring the last three decades, micro irrigation systems made major advances in technology development and the uptake of the new technology increased from 3 Mha in 2000 to more than 6 Mha in 2006. Micro-irrigation is an irrigation method that applies water slowly to the roots of plants, by depositing the water either on the soil surface or directly to the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and pure emitters (see Figure below).B. House at Colorado State University succeeded in applying water to the root zone of plants without raising the water table. Perforated pipe was introduced in Germany in the 1920s and in 1934; O.E.Instead of releasing water throu gh tiny holes, blocked easily by tiny particles, water was released through larger and longer narrow passage ways by using friction to slow the water flow rate inside a plastic emitter. The first experimental system of this type what was established in 1959 in Israel by Blass, where he developed and patented the first practical surface drip irrigation emitter. The Micro-sprayer concept was developed in South Africa to contain the dust on mine heaps. From here much more advanced developments took place to use it as a method to apply water to mainly agricultural crops.Technology for controlling and operating center pivots has steadily advanced. Kranz et al. (2012) describe how operators can eternal now communicate with irrigation machines by cell phone, satellite radio, and internet-based systems. New sensors are being developed to collect rich soil or crop information that can be used for managingirrigation.

Finally, Martin et al. (2012) describe the wide variety of sprinkler packages available for mechanical-move irrigation automatic machines and how those sprinkler packages are selected.Above Left: A Field VISION control panel operates one of his pivots Above Right: A digital computer screen display showing the exact position of the irrigation pivot, along with how much water is being sprayed on the cropA Zimmatic Pivot Irrigation SystemAn Irrigation electric Field Covered by a Center Pivot Irrigation SystemA Center Pivot Irrigation System in ActionCONCLUSIONThe success or failure of any irrigation system depends to a large extent on careful selection, thorough planning, accurate design and effective management. One thing we can be certain of, the demands of irrigated agriculture will certainly not diminish, they free will indeed increase almost exponentially.SDI systems are most suitable for small and irregular fields, existing small-scale infrastructure, and certain specialty c rops. These innovative technologies require significant investment. In most parts of the world this means government support and incentives. Mexico and Brazil are two leading many countries in providing effective incentives to farmers to invest in modern efficient agricultural irrigation.REFERENCESEnglish, M.J., K.H.A paradigm shift in irrigation management. J. Irrig. Drain.

logical and B. A. King. 2012., D.C. McKinney, and M.W.Syst. 76:1043-1066. James Hardie. 2011.Bjornberg.2012. Droplet kinetic energy of moving spray-plate center-pivot irrigation sprinklers. Trans.

2011. Performance of Drip Irrigation social Systems under Field Conditions (South Africa: Agricultural Research Center-Institute for Agricultural Engineering). Kranz, W. L.Lamm. 2012. A review of center-pivot irrigation control and automation technologies. Applied Eng.Stewart, logical and R.N. Donald. 1990.Singh. 2003. Regional water management modeling for decision support in irrigated agriculture. J.

Martin, D. L., W. R.2012. Selecting sprinkler small packages for center pivots. Trans. ASABE55(2): 513-523.14(4), (1998): 391-398. Playà ¡n, E., and L. Mateos.80:100-116. Rogers, D. 2012.LEPA Irrigation Management for Center Pivots.